Reading Quiz on A Hanging by George Orwell

First published in 1931, A Hanging is one of George Orwells best-known essays. To test your understanding of Orwells narrative, take this brief quiz, and then compare your responses with the answers on page two. 1. George Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging† is set in which one of the following countries?(A) India(B) Burma(C) England(D) Eurasia(E) Persia 2. At what time of day do the events in A Hanging take place?(A) about an hour before sunrise(B) in the morning(C) at high noon(D) late in the afternoon(E) at sunset 3. In paragraph three, a bugle call is described as desolately thin in the wet air. In this context, the word desolately means(A) without hope or comfort(B) with doubt or suspicion(C) in a quiet manner, softly(D) lacking a tune or silently(E) in a sentimental or romantic way 4. Which one of the following characters does not appear in Orwell’s A Hanging†?(A) the hangman, a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison(B) the superintendent of the jail, [who] was an army doctor, with a gray toothbrush moustache and a gruff voice(C) Francis, the head jailer(D) a Hindu prisoner, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes(E) an old Indian judge, with a gold-rimmed monocle and a handlebar moustache 5. When the procession to the gallows is interrupted by a dog (which made a dash for the prisoner and . . . tried to lick his face), what does the superintendent say?(A) Come here, pooch.(B) Shoot it!(C) Never a dull moment.(D) Who let that bloody brute in here?(E) Leave him alone. Let him be. 6. The narrator doesnt refer directly to himself or use a pronoun in the first-person singular until paragraph eight. Which sentence marks this shift in point of view?(A) For Gods sake hurry up, Francis, I said irritably.(B) I fixed the rope round the prisoners neck.(C) Then we put my handkerchief through its collar...(D) I reached out with my stick and poked the bare brown body...(E) The superintendent passed the whisky to me. 7. What simple action by the prisoner causes the narrator to realize for the first time what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man?(A) saying God bless you(B) avoiding a puddle(C) petting the dog(D) praying(E) calling for his daughter 8. What is the one word that the prisoner cries out (repeatedly)?(A) â€Å"Innocent!†(B) â€Å"Help!†(C) â€Å"Ram!†(D) â€Å"No!†(E) â€Å"Stella!† 9. After the hanging, the narrator reports that Francis was walking by the superintendent, talking garrulously. In this context, what does garrulously mean?(A) in a rambling or excessively talkative way(B) softly, reverently(C) in a pompous, self-important manner(D) sorrowfully(E) in a hesitant, uncertain manner 10. At the very end of Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging,† what do the remaining characters (that is, all but the prisoner and, presumably, the dog) do?(A) pray for the soul of the dead prisoner(B) discuss the ethical dimensions of their behavior(C) shoot the dog(D) hang another Hindu(E) laugh and drink whiskey Answers to the Reading Quiz on A Hanging (B) Burma(B) in the morning(A) without hope or comfort(E) an old Indian judge, with a gold-rimmed monocle and a handlebar moustache(D) Who let that bloody brute in here?(C) Then we put my handkerchief through its collar...(B) avoiding a puddle(C) â€Å"Ram!†(A) in a rambling or excessively talkative way(E) laugh and drink whiskey

The Economic Policy Guidelines Of The Future Of Rwanda Essay

In regards to the future of Rwanda, the next 20 years will allow a country which has made unprecedented growth since one of the largest humanitarian crisis in modern history, to move beyond poverty and civil war to a globally competitive export based industry. The nature of the reforms that have been established in the last 20 years have made for economic growth and political consolidation of crucial social mandates. These include the restructuring of Rwandan provinces that are more reflective of zoning types, than by ethnic lines, the strengthening of the Central government and constitutional reforms reflecting social progression, and the strengthening of the judiciary system. The economic policy guidelines of the current Rwandan government and Kigali’s local government attempt to shift economic exports away from agricultural products that are cheap and require large labor pools to a more industrialized export economy that can transport capital goods to the global market. Kigali and Rwanda have heavily invested in economic growth policies over the past two decades. This, paired with the business friendly nature of the government and the return of internally (or externally, regionally) displaced persons as a source of labor, has lead to a greater economic output than was seen even before the genocide. However, these policy guidelines, outlining free-trade and industrialization may be reliant on factors that are not sustainable or feasible in the long term.Show MoreRelatedThe On Foreign Aid Through Expansion Of The Local Economy Essay1908 Words   |  8 Pageshelp with the major infrastructure projects required for a developed or a middle-income state. The previous section discussed how Rwanda attempts to attract investments through practicing business friendly policies, but it did not include how Rwandan officials are attempting to bring regional and global business investors physically to Rwanda. 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Ethics and Information Technology Free Essays

string(24) " to the various styles\." IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System Importance of ethics among the IT professional Abstract: In work environment, ethics is the common rules or approach for all professionals need to obey in order to achieve a great environment in an organization. Most of people think that ethics and morals is something that share the same meaning but actually they are not. The morals are towards the personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Information Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behaviours expected by the group to which the individual belongs. The ethics might be national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, professional ethics, or even family ethics. So while a person’s moral code is usually unchanging, the ethics of he or she practices can be others to depend on. This paper is written based on data collection from many sources such as webs, articles, and books. So, this paper will provide an overview on the importance of ethics among the IT professionals. Furthermore, it will be explaining the beneficial of applying ethics to IT professionals in order to achieve a good relationship among the workers or team members in an organization. Keyword: Importance of ethics, Ethics, Morals, IT professionals P/S : ABSTRACT N REFERENCE LUM SIAP†¦ nak check semula nanti .. nie lum check lagi. 1 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 1. 0 Introduction Nowadays, as we know that, information technology becomes the famous things in the world because most of technology makes our work become clear and it is very useful to the people in order to manage or do something. It is very unique of information technology like mobile device, computer, and so on because it is variety of used to the people directly make the people life more comfortable. But refer to the ethics of information technology professional, it can be seen that on how they used the technology, implement the information technology and built for it. In the short term definition, information technology is the technology that is used to process the data. Like nowadays, we used the computer devices to process the data within the organization or out of the organization or the company. Nevertheless, when we come up with the information technology professional, we will want to know the ethics I order to used the information technology either it is good ethics or the bad ethics. There, ethics is referring to the behavior or moral of the individual people in daily life. It is very crucial things that need to know because it can show the achievement of the individual or organization goals and objectives. Actually, ethics make us become more disciplines because we need to follow the rules and procedures of the organization. Ethics among information technology professional can be defines as the attitude of information technology professional in order to accomplish something based on their behavior. It is because based on their behavior, it can show their successful either they can achieve the goals or not. It is depends on the level of ethics strangeness. Information technology professional must have high of motivation or ethics in them self because they faced with the information technology where they need facing on the information technology which can process the data that need to manage, analyze, design, implement, control, maintenance and storing. It is mostly referring to the hardware that is familiar to process the data or information like computer. As the information technology professional, sometimes they need to face with any challenges when their work in order to accomplish something work that need to be done. It is the problem that the information technology professional in their profession. When the challenges or any issues that they need to faced, information 2 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System technology professional need to try the best to find the solution to overcome their problem and it is their roles and responsibilities. It is mostly refer to the ethics of information technology professional on how they handle some issues or any challenges in their work or job. 2. 0 Methodology In completing this term paper, primary and secondary literatures are used to enable in depth understanding of the importance ethics among information technology professional. For the primary literatures in order to complete this term paper, mostly I used observation method by review all the article that is related to the ethics among information technology professional. Besides that, I used secondary data where I refer to the sources that are related to the topic that I focused on such as books, article journals, internet sources and so on. From the primary and secondary literature, I know about the challenges that are faced by information technology professional and the issues that are come up today. From the challenges or the issues, information technology professional need to think on how to overcome the problem that they need to faced and find the alternative or the solution to overcome it. It is based on their behavior on how they can settle their problem. The primary and secondary literature method that are used, is very crucial thing to know on what happened among the information technology professional that are based on their behavior or ethics. IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 3. 0 Definitions and concept of ethics There are various definitions of ethics. According to the Britz, J. J. which come from department of Information Science University of Pretoria, he defines ethics as the individual action either good or bad and he told that ethics in the general term which make the people come as the fully human. He prefer to the use of technology that are threat to the right of privacy of a person. As a person, ethics is very importance thing in our daily activities. As we know that, ethics is referring to the various styles. You read "Ethics and Information Technology" in category "Papers" Maybe, ethics might be as the national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, and family ethics and can be professional ethics. What is ethics? According to Sir Aristotle which is the famous philosopher, ethics is the custom, character or the habit of a person and in the simplest word; it can be defined as the system of the moral principles. It is worked out from human reason and experience by human action that determines either right or wrong. But, a sociologist like Dr. Raymond Baumhart said that ethics is can be divided into two divisions which is rights, obligations, benefit to the society, fairness of specifics virtue. It is refer to the moral beliefs. Secondly, ethics refer to the study and development of the standards of the ethical. So, ethics told that on how the people lead their lives and making the decisions. Today, we know that everybody needs to be fast and smart. For the information technology professional money is very importance thing but not in their career life. It is means that, career as the information technology professional will followed by their effort directly money is their reward on their effort. For the powerful organizations, information technology professional mostly refer to the ethics as the guidelines to achieve the goal of an organization. According to the Jefferson, guideline is crucial things because ethical principles that are provided will assist them in the many of the professional decisions they will make. Lacovino stated that ethics is the reasoned process but not just how we feel about something because it can be a habitual when we set a value to apply consistently. Some of the researcher defined the ethics as the agent where it refers to the agent processes or action. When we come up with the professional ethics, means that what the person who is professional should do or should not do within the organization or outside the organization. That are stated by Mclarty (2007) but Worthington (2008) told that in developing any information 4 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System technology, professional ethical issues can be occur. Nowadays, the modern world, all the services like internet allow people to connect quickly to the information technology system. So, Worthington states that professionals are more likely to confront ethical issues when dealing with the internet and World Wide Web (WWW). In this term paper, I mostly focused to the importance of ethics among information technology professional. When we talk about the information technology professional, it will focus on computer professional field. Being the IT professional, it is must be good certificates in information technology with their knowledge and their skill. It is the powerful tool for providing job and the business opportunities and for meeting challenges in information technology field. First, the importance of ethics among information technology professional is responsible to ensure that computer technology does not used in the wrong ways which can harm people, environment and the society. That why information technology professional need to be fair, loyal, honest and have ethical in its practices because they want to be an employee where they work for an organization and make the organization become success. With the good ethics or behavior among IT professional, they will work comfortably without feel tired on their job and responsible in term of care of the data or information in the system. With the ethics of the employee directly they can contribute better for an organization. Besides that, the importance thing among the information technology professional is access the data. According to Gordana (2003), to perform the computer or information technology professional job, they will require to access the data only in order to complete their task that they want to do. Besides that, to complete their task, they are very careful in order to use the right time to complete their task because they will plan better first so that each of the task can be settle step by step. It is also because of the thinking of the information technology professional which is very high level thinking by using the technology that are provided in an organization or they own technology. Therefore, quality of the data that they want to access is the factor that they should consider so that the task must be done properly in a good manner. So, in order to do the task by information technology professional, they will not concern at all whether the task or the job is complete or not and without any concentration that are cause by improper ethics education. The other importance of ethics among information echnology professional is the procedure of information technology process that will keep in secret. According to Dahlbom and Mathiasan, information technology 5 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System professional just only participate in development the task, it objective and the context explicitly. For the information technology professional, it is very importan ce things for big organization in order to survive the industry because they have own strategy that need to do or any benchmark which it can be the key success of the business today for them. Allocated the resources is also the importance of ethics among the information technology professional. They must be professional and more responsible and punctual in complete the task that they need do and need to be done properly. It is because information technology professional like computer professional, just only take part in project with the time and the resources that are assigned which can make it possible to deliver a good job. Nevertheless, living in this era or modern information technology will happen something that are very wrong through the law which is computer crime and it is the one of the problems that need to be faced by information technology where it can attack an organization in term of viruses and hackers that getting widespread over the years it is because Bynum (2001) stated that logical security can be divided into five aspects such as consistency by ensuring the data and behaviour can being see today and same with tomorrow, privacy and confidentially, controlling the access to the resources, not modified the data and the programs without proper authority in integrity and last but not list is in aspect unimpaired service. As we know that nowadays, there are many malicious kids of software that being used to access certain system without authorization. Viruses, Trojan horse, worms and logic bombs are some of the example that can harm the computer system in an organization. It is show that un ethical action happened there which could make breaking the company system and could be penalized due to the unauthorized access. Because of that, information technology professional should be concerns on the ethics that should be apply in information technology themselves or the professional people who involved computer science so that, they could achieve a great environment information technology industries. At the same time, it can improved performance an individual in information technology field. Other than that, the importance of ethics among the information technology professional also will increase of respect among the professional people. When talk about the respect it is come from the cooperation between the team member which contribute to the development of the project that should be do by them and the 6 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System evelopers of the system understand the users needs because from that, information technology can find the opportunities in order to develop some of the project to fulfil the user requirements. Besides that, ethics in information technology profess ional can leads the user or customer satisfaction. As an example, computer professional will develop the systems that are related to the technology in order to satisfy the interest of the users and directly can bring the good work environment by develop system. it will show that the performance of an organization if the information technology involve under the organization and make them become more professional in term of manage of information technology that are very importance in each of an organization in the world. 4. 0 Ethics conceptual Theory Ethical theory provides framework to get at underlying rationale, classify and understand arguments and defend conclusion about right and wrong that have in ethical perspectives. Deontology People should follow to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma and it is very consistent decisions. Utilitarianism The ability to predict the sequences of action in order to determine which choice is Ethical Theory more beneficial. Right It is considered to be ethically correct and valid to the society. Virtue Judge a person by the character rather than by an action they may clash from the normal behavior. 7 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System Figure 1: Ethics Theory All the ethical theory or concept above is define by the people who is expert in information technology profession or sociologist that are concern with the ethics and it is very importance that need to apply in information technology professional. 5. 0 Challenges in Encouraging Ethical Behaviors among Information technology professional. There are several common challenges in developing ethical in information technology professional. Information technology needs to alert with their surrounding because many challenges that they need to faced when they complete their task within the organization. Below are the challenges that are faced by information technology professional in managed their information technology equipment and services. 5. Facing with computer crimes As we know that, nowadays is the modern world. Therefore, all the technology that is used today mostly shows the advanced technology. We know that media technology or the communication technology is very familiar to the people and the importance things is to the organization that are used the technology to implement and maintained the task in order to achieve the goals of an organization. But, when we deal with the advanced technology, the information technology professional need to be careful by used they ethical in term of complete the task. In this times, there are most of computer viruses and added with the hacker which also known as international spy. Here, the computer security is the crucial thing that needs to consider in the field of computer ethics by the information technology professional. By the way, the problem that is faced by them is not on the physical security but in term of logical security like privacy and confidentially, controlling access to the resources and so on. Hackers which are the person who breaks into someone computer system without any permission directly can steal the data of an organization or privacy information. 5. 2 Intellectual property rights connected with software ownership. In this aspect of challenges ethics or the right. Many people think that software should be own able. Intellectual property is the one of the controversial areas of computer ethics. Some people think that software ownership not be allowed 8 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System at all and all the information should be free, all programs should be available for copying. In term of that, it is very wrong ways according o the laws that are provided. As the information technology professional ethics, they need to know who take their intellectual property properly. 5. 3 Computer condition in the workplace that need to be concern As the information technology professional, the challenges that they faced is condition of the computer itself. Because of the computer always run to manage the data that are store in the system and to implement the data, maybe it will make the system down because the computer itself does not rest. When the system down happened that will make the information technology professional lack of ethics in order to monitor the system. 5. 4 Information privacy Privacy is the one of the computer ethics that need to be develop by public interest. The efficiency of the computer network can be used to gather the information, store, and search and retrieved the information making the computer technology treating anyone to keep various kind of information that are privacy. It is the challenges also that are faced by the information technology professional especially sensitive information like medical record. Because nowadays, the people think so far in order to get the information and make it as the basic information that is not importance. It is because of the hacker that wants the information. Therefore, information privacy nowadays also does not secure in hundred percent. 5. 5 Globalization In term of globalization, computer ethics today is rapidly involved in more importance field. It is also can be known a global information ethics. Global networks like internet will connect people all over the world. Globalization refers to the variety of used like global cyber business, global education and so on. The world is very close to the technology which can provide electronic privacy and security on the interne in order to connect the international business transactions. This challenges is very familiar nowadays, because in 9 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System transaction of the business today cheating and fraud in business always happened. 6. 0 Recommendations to address the challenges in encouraging ethical behaviors among information technology professional In response to the challenges that are stated above, several recommendations are proposed as follow: 6. 1 Government should have a strict action with the computer crime. To address the challenges, I recommended that government of each country in the world should be strict to the computer crime based on the computer crime act. There, people who involved in the investigation of the computer crime should find the people who do the wrong things in using computer until the people who make computer crime can be punished so that we can reduced the number of computer crime directly make it very clear. There, no give up action should behave but always find the ways on how to catch them. 6. 2 Discuss with the team member In this point, that I recommend, means that all the information technology professional that are deal with the information technology, should discuss everything about the problem or the challenges that they faced in manage the technology and the system. For example, when people used t software and sale that software without any permission of the software ownership, they could discuss about it on their intellectual property on how to take the action to the people who wrong in that situation. From the discussion with the team member, it will provide more decision and the best decision will be used to settle that problem. That is the good ethics when working in the group as the information technology professional. 6. 3 Told the society about the act of privacy We know that, government today implement the act of privacy but the society does not know about the act anymore. It is because the society today lack of information that they should know. When we told them about the act of 10 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System privacy, they will know what might be right and what might be wrong. From there, the act of privacy will be clear to the society. 6. 4 Motivate the information technology professional In order to motivate the information technology professional, the top management in an organization should lead them in order to motivate them. Top management in an organization should remind the information technology professional when they do their job or work. It s very importance thing to do where the top manager alert with the leadership style or skill in each of the organization. Top manager should support their staff so that they will motivate to accomplish the task that is given. 6. 5 Organized seminar Some of the organization should organize the seminar o that all people involved in the seminar programmed. Especially, seminar about the information technology professional where the audience of the seminar will focus on the information technology department in term of tell about the ethics of information technology professional includes their roles and responsible. Told them on how to faced the problem or any challenges and on how to overcome it immediately. 11 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 7. 0 Conclusion As the conclusion, by applying the ethics among the information technology, it will make the organization become more success and will make the individual become more talent when deal with something issues and any challenges that they need to face. By the ethics in themselves, will make them more professional in handling the information technology directly deals with the user or customer of the system. So, ethics is a set of principle that should have in all the people itself but not just only in information technology professional only. The importance of ethics among information technology professional should be concern by the people so that the environment of information technology become more special to the user and people who in charge on it. By applying the ethics also, we could determine that the right and wrong of an individual action. But, it is depending to the situation that is faced by the people. Therefore, with the ethics, information technology can avoid from the unethical action like unauthorized access, plagiarism, disturbing people privacy hacking the information and etc. ecause of that, information technology profession, need to concern the code of ethics so that the individually performance could be improve and directly improve the company or organization itself in order to achieve the organization goals, vision, mission and objectives. 12 IMS657 Legal and Ethica l Aspect of Information System 8. 0 References Bynum. (2001). Computer and information ethics. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/ethics-computer/#ComCri Lacovino. (2002). Ethical principles and information professionals: Theory, practice and education. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http://www. alia. org. au/publishing/aarl/33. 2/full. text/iacovino. html Worthington. (2008). Ethics for ICT professionals. Retrieved April 11, 2013 from http://www. tomw. net. au/technology/it/ictethics. shtml 13 How to cite Ethics and Information Technology, Papers

Administrative Law for Australian Judicial System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAdministrative Law for Australian Judicial System. Answer: There is a significance has been found from a decade in Australian Judicial System where the Administrative law has make a huge establishment in the application under the State Administrative Tribunal under the State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004. The Australia states have their own contemplating law of reforms, which depends on the Tort law, and by the reform effort, it helps to response on difference disputes and negligence issues. The Australian Administrative law is the part of under the judicial system. The application of the law it helps to identify litigiousness according to the qualitative claims. The Administrative helps to understand the litigiousness in Australia, which always consist of the process of the judicial process, and other ways in according to the particular application of the law (Hooper 2017). The litigation is described as willingness to assert legal rights. The High Court of Australia has defines the litigiousness as the eagerness of proceed through legal system. it also helps to measure the efficacy of law in directing social behavior. For the application under the formal legal process people applying it for a better review to resolve the disputes. they used to solve the disputes through the negotiation process as they used to prefer the preserve relationship rather than rapture with it. According to the concept of the litigiousness prevailing orthodoxy it make the essential needs of the economy. It is the most important process to deal with the resolving issues outside of the court (Barnett 2017). According to merits review of administrative law it consider the authority that helps in decision-making process under a particular legal framework. It exercises their powers and discretions conferred on the primary decision maker. Under such merit reviews the Migration Act 1958 is one if the legislation which works with the primary decision and helps to establish and substitute a new decision. It has reconsidered under the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. In this legislation, the decisions can review according to the lodge application and payable fees. The internal review of the administrative law is a review process on the merits of an agencys primary decision. It has the advantages as if it is a quick and inexpensive process and access through the personal contact between the citizen and agency. It helps to impose positive consideration in decision-making and attitudes of fellow officers, warn the agencies for deficiencies or discrepancies in decision-making proces s. The disadvantages are risks of a public perception of lack of impartiality, confusing stages, prevent speedy resolution by an external review and cost of administrative review. Australia has its own federal system which has it a wide-ranging efforts by the federal and state system which deals with the facilitate self-representation, simplification of proceedings, and policies to encourage and flexible arrangements in courts by litigants. Australian Court can advertise the documents where it interfere with the decision making process for the recommendation of such proceedings. Several arguments has introduced where they have mentioned about the policy consideration which concern with the public policy or the interests of the person primarily affected by the decision. In this process, it becomes associated with collecting, validating and comparing quantitative data; it is not surprising that comparative commentary on litigiousness resorts to cultural portrayals. The cultures and the litigious process are both related with each other. Therefore, from a long time, it has been criticize and sometimes the researcher has approaches for the alternative explanations (Hooper 2017). The Procedural Fairness is a process, which is used for the decision-making, purposes rather that an actual outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to precede the judicial procedure with fair and appropriate procedure. The decision making process is actually processed by the decision maker who will operate the whole program with a fair and appropriate way. However, there are several differences between the natural justice and procedural fairness according to the preferable administrative decision-making process. The natural justice is the part of law that is processed under the court but a fair process is always necessary while process the judicial system. the procedural fairness always ensure the development of the decision making process where a natural and simple process is being used which includes informing the people as per their interest, provide the rights to hear the case processing, appropriate evidence along with the complete and fair judgment (Barnett 2017). The rule of natural justice has been exercising according to the negative reflective that need to resolve the interest of a person or corporation. For the procedural fairness, it is necessary for apply the fair decision for cancelling a license or provide benefits for the disciple an employee or penalty for offence and other damages and losses which has been caused due to some negligence. It is also applicable for those people who are having a legitimate expectation and want to protect their legal rights. In some circumstances the procedural fairness is also enacted by the acts of parliament where it requires to fulfill the requirements like lack of bias, evidence for support any decision, hearing rule and enquiry about the disputes. It is also requiring knowing whether there is any duty for the fair procedural or not. Therefore one clear, contrary legislative intention, administrative decision-makers also affected for the decision. Under the procedure, the duty is require that must affect the person individually or a community. The procedural fairness is only exists where it afford the decision making ability. In the case of High Court in Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship the procedural fairness has been applied for the protection of the principle of legality. The court is also looks and depends on the duty in the procedure that is completely exclude from the inconsistent along with the proper operative with the relevant statutory provisions. The express statutory provisions also required to oblige the making of a decision that must clear the intension of the natural justice (Barnett 2017). The content of procedural fairness it should afford the duty of the procedural fairness. The reasonable fairness also provides the opportunities for the parties for fair and relevant circumstances. The basic rules are requires the hearing rule and rule against bias. The hearing rule is one of the most important parts under the procedural fairness. It is the way where any person is always require for the fair demands where that person must reply to a government agency against any negative effects, which also includes the existing interest or a legitimate expectation. It is a process where the person only concerns with the opportunity along with the appropriate circumstances. The hearing rule process the must received and considered before the decision has been made in the process. The process also requires having a possible decision under some criteria. Therefore, several information must be provided in the process. An individual person can have also applied for a procedural fairness that has governed by the government decision. It is also required when any person is affected with negative reflective can apply such procedure. The process also included the proposal and any negative or prejudicial information relating with the decision making process (Barnett 2017). Australian administrator law has been introduced for the exercising of the powers and responsibilities by the Australian governments, which produced the common law system along with a statutory; overlay which helps to codified Judicial review and tribunals with extensive powers of direction. The Australian administers law mainly developed according to the ombudsman system and freedom of information legislation and it produce some delegated legislation with the collaboration of United States. the Australian administrative law has mainly developed by the legal framework of the United Kingdom and United States which has become one of the most strongest administrative tribunals for exercising the codification and procedural Reform of the system of Judicial review and the creation of an office of ombudsman. It is developed on the terms of common law and codified under the administrative decision Judicial review act 1977. the administrative law is the statutory framework of the law regulat ing government decision making process which allow and applies to the government decision for every individual matters. The administrative law has provides the decision making process which should be fair, hi qualify, efficient and effective for that individual matters. It should be applied to the individual access according to the merits and law fullness of decision and conduct of that matter. Accountability is another important part where government decision and conducts has involved under the administrative law. The public access on to information always depends on the government decision, processes, and individual access to personal information, which only held by the government of the Australia (Barnett 2017). Under the separation of power between the legislature executive and judiciary in Australian constitution it is only allowed the independence of the federal court and according to the Australian constitution it only applicable in three different ways. The parliament of Australia helps to establish the process of decision making as per the basis of merit reviews of decisions and the ministers accountable decisions. The government has also power in the decision-making based on merits review for at the Tribunal assesses. the merits in particular cases according to the legislation of the Australia the court has also powers to declare and enforceable the legal limits which only helps to Judicial review application (Hooper 2017). The administrative law system has played many roles it helps to includes the primary decision making process, internal merits review of primary decisions, external merits reviews, Judicial review, Commonwealth ombudsman, office of the Australian Information Commissioner, administrative review cancel merit, protection commissioner parliamentary committee. The Attorney General is one of the important part in the administrative law which always held responsibility for the decision making process through the administrative appeal tribunals and legislative instrument (Barnett 2017). Reference Barnett, H., 2017. Constitutional and administrative law. Taylor Francis. Elliott, M. and Varuhas, J.N., 2017. Administrative law: text and materials. Oxford University Press. High Court in Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship Hooper, G.R., 2017. Judicial Review and Proportionality: Making a Far-Reaching Difference to Administrative Law in Australia or a Misplaced and Injudicious Search for Administrative Justice?. Pearce, D.C., Paterson, M., Zifcak, S.P. and Telford, P. eds., 2015. Australian Administrative Law. LexisNexis Australia. Rose-Ackerman, S., Lindseth, P.L. and Emerson, B. eds., 2017. Comparative administrative law. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sossin, L., 2014. Administrative Law Administrative Justice in an Interconnected World. Canadian Journal of Administrative Law Practice, 27(1), p.53.

Why Are the Homeless Homeless a satire Essay Example For Students

Why Are the Homeless Homeless a satire Essay Jason Garoutte December 3, 1996 English / Mr. Lunt Why Are the Homeless Homeless? There are many homeless people out on the streets of the large cities in this great nation. When unemployment still hasnt gotten near zero and new jobs are being created every day, people are starting to ask why there are still homeless people in the alleys and on the sidewalks of this country. This seems to be an ever haunting problem even though it would be so easy for homeless people to just get a job. Lets look at the general requirements for applying for and keeping a job. We will write a custom essay on Why Are the Homeless Homeless a satire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All you have to do is have nice clothes to make a decent impression, a home address and some way to be reached in tight situations, and a way of getting to work in the morning or nightwhichever the case may be. Thats it. And I, for one, have reached a solution to this widespread laziness. First of all, most homeless people spend their days hunting through trash cans and dumpsters for a piece of sustenance or at least something of value. If theyre not doing that, theyre begging for spare change on street corners. Eventually, one would think that they should be able to afford a couple of respectable suits or other outfits to wear while applying and even working for this job of theirs. All they have to do is poke around a little longer or beg a little more, and that job would be theirs to enjoy. Keeping these articles of clothing clean would be difficult, but manageable. If you cant afford a coin operated laundromat (Im sure thered be plenty of left over change from begging), just find some large, clean puddle of water in the street to wash things in. As for cleanliness, Im sure people throw away left over deodorant or antiperspirant, soap, and other such toiletries to where you can care of the bathing problem. You dont need to clean your hair, in fact, doing so would rid yourself of the natural oils that build up over time and actually hold your hair style in place. Second, with all the left over money and such, they could go to one of those Mailbox Etcetera stores and buy themselves a mailing address. That just means theyll have to cope with eating only what they find in the garbage, and not spending any of that extra cash on that frivolous fast food, or that healthy vegetable stuff. Suppose they absolutely need a phone number also. Whats stopping any of these people from sleeping close to a pay phone? Just record the number on the back of your hand (unless you have some nice paper on you) before you head out to the job interview. And if you really want to impress the boss, give him the number of the pay phone nearest your favorite begging corner or alley, just in case they cant get a hold of you at the first number. None would be the wiser. As for the commuting, all one would have to do is make sure the pay phone isnt too far from business. Better yet, sleep in front of the business, near a pay phone, so you can also respond to any requests promptly and efficiently. It would also give you much more time to sleep while waiting for that first paycheck. Now that you must take care of the job and the finding food and drink in the same twenty-four hour time period, you need all the sleep you can get. Having to commute through miles of busy sidewalk would make you wish you hadnt opted for a home away from work. All this being on-time and showing up so early would be sure impress the boss, especially if he already wasnt impressed with your feat of scrounging up the resources to hold this special occupation. Now if all this doesnt impress your supervisor, I dont know what will. .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .postImageUrl , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:hover , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:visited , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:active { border:0!important; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:active , .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8 .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0051c695a2767c7e4f101b4de728fc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the Great Essay I know Id be impressed after learning the amount of time this homeless person took just to get a reasonable outfit to show up to work with, the hours of begging just to get bus fare to another part of the city, and the humility endured to actually work up the nerve to ask someone fortunate enough to have some spare change in their pocket if they can spare some so that person can get a bite too eat. By .

Debate on Population Control essays

Debate on Population Control essays Our busy 21st century world contains a great many more people than it ever has in written history. With many recent advances in medicine and more food available to less wealthy countries, our numbers continue to increase dramatically. Some consider these facts solid ground on which to eventually start using a worldwide population control policy, others point out the obvious moral questions and human right issues raised with such a dramatic debate. I personally believe we should slowly implement some policy or suggestion to slow the constant, exponential increase of our numbers on Earth before future generations are forced to resort to more drastic measures. The time to act is now, and countries such as Africa and Asia are starting to feel the strain of our possibly eminent overpopulation. Some of the more obvious problems caused by overpopulation include food shortages, pollution, increased health problems, and overall decreased quality of life. Many of the food shortages in countries such as South Africa wouldnt be such a problem if the population didnt continue to increase at the rate it does currently. In fact, as mentioned in the Associated Press (AP) article Population growth in wealthy countries stopped, the worlds major population growth takes place in the less wealthy countries where women have an average of 3.6 children, as opposed to an average of 1.6 children per woman in developed countries. Each year, 123 million babies are born in less developed countries and only 13 million are born in the more developed ones. Another problem, pollution, is painfully obvious to those of us who visit the larger cities. The sheer number of people and transportation vehicles overcomes the environment with smog and other harmful pollutants, which attribute to global w arming. These pollutants, among other things such as viruses and bacteria, cause many illnesses to spread like wildfire in poorer cou...

PRINCESS DIANA LESSON LEARNED Personal Statement

PRINCESS DIANA LESSON LEARNED - Personal Statement Example Thus, she considered human lives to be precious and she used her resources to help the needy individuals. This quality made her win the hearts of millions of people. Another very important leadership quality that was also held by the Princess was that of being alert and informed of the happenings around the world. She not only kept herself updated but also intervened and helped in situations where she could be of assistance. This positive attitude along with her active involvement made her a much liked personality. These lessons regarding the leadership of Princess Diana are of utmost importance. She formed a prime example of an effective leader because of her kind heartedness and compassion towards the people. Also her attentiveness towards the occurrences globally made her take active decisions for helping the people which made her popular amongst the masses. A leader can only be successful if he is aware and responsive to the issues faced by the common people. Also, a true leader is one who uses his power and authority for the goodness of the people. These qualities were possessed by the Princess and this earned her the love and following of many people from around the

Health and Safety of Onshore oil Well drilling (Unayzah well in Saudi Research Paper

Health and Safety of Onshore oil Well drilling (Unayzah well in Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example Therefore, the following are the major safety and health guidelines that should be adhered to, to safeguard the lives of those people involved in the activity and reduce the adverse environmental impacts that this activity can causes. Travelling to the Site Travelling to the site entails all the safety details that concern the whole journey process. Thus, the major step to ensuring safety, is to ensure that the drivers taking the drilling team to the site are licensed by the relevant authorities (ERDSG, 2005 p31). Considering that different machineries have different driving characteristics, every driver should be well experienced in handling particular machinery. The new drivers should be inducted with the help of the experienced drivers (SISG, 1993 p32). All the workers should understand the dimensions of the machinery they are handling, including their speed limits, length, width and load capacity. Before making the main journey, a pre-trip test should be done to verify that all t he machineries are in good condition (ERDSG, 2005 33). Certification Requirements The drilling team should determine the required permits and certification by the relevant authority such as the local, state or the federal authorities. The team should prepare the necessary applications and submit the documents required by the authorities, which include excavation permits, work permits for the agency and the facility, as well as site permits (SRDWR, 2004 p25). The lead driller is then provided with the necessary permits to indicate that the drilling activity can commence (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p32). Having obtained the certifications and permits, the lead driller or the acting leader should verify that every aspect of drilling process has been approved to enhance the legal backing of the drilling procedure. Having obtained the certifications, the led driller can mobilize the team for the purpose of fencing off the facility where drilling is to be undertaken (SRDWR, 2004 p33). Person al Protective Equipments All the employees contracted for the purpose of the drilling activity should wear personal protective equipments (GWD, 6). The employees should wear hard hats and steel toed boots at all times they are operating on the work site. Workers should also wear reflective clothing, safety glasses or welding lids at all times, depending on the section in which they are operating (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p36). While the safety glasses protect the eyes of the workers, the reflective clothing ensures that all workers are visible on the worksite. Workers should always wear hand gloves for protecting their hands, while also ensuring to wear hearing protection (SISG, 1993 p44). This serves to protect the employees from hand or hearing damage. Additionally, when the workers are operating grinders, they should wear a full face shield on top of the safety glasses, to ensure that they are fully covered against eye and face damage (GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1976 p30). Fire Risk Fire risk is the most eminent thing in an oil well drilling site. Therefore, reasonable measures should be undertaken to mitigate this risk. The work site where welding, cutting or grinding is involved should be equipped with sufficient ABC types of fire extinguishers (GWD, 3). The fire extinguishers should be assessed and tested for proper functionality and operability before working on the site commences.

OOP Features Added to Oracle Database Assignment

OOP Features Added to Oracle Database - Assignment Example OOP Features Added to Oracle Database All programming languages and particularly database programming languages need to be comprehensively stable and dynamic in adapting to ever changing developmental environments. Like any other programming language SQL*Plus has shown a lot of flexibility and strength to adapt to the features of Object Oriented Programming while keeping its own shape in tact and without losing the core strength of being an ideal structured query language. In the early 1990 the Object Oriented Programming model begin to gain accelerated acceptance as a major programming approach and most of the database and programming languages begin to extend features that support this model. The approach of extending SQL *Plus for Oracle Database was centered around the efforts to find ways and mean which can provide an integrated support for the objects, object identifiers and inheritance structures within relational language. The approach was followed rigorously but until the release and shipment of SQL3, the extensions of OOP model were not quite mature. The efforts of finding a better integration between OOP model and structured relational languages continued, â€Å"Another approach in this the category is an extension of a conventional SQL that is used to retrieve and manipulate data. For example POSTGRES (Stonebraker, 1986) provides an extended SQL called POSTQUEL query with the ability to capture the concept of abstract data types (encapsulated data structures and methods), inheritance structures and object identity. † (Wenny, Annier & Pardede , 2005, p. 17).... † (Wenny, Annier & Pardede , 2005, p. 17). a) Object-Relational Methodology The extension of object oriented features in relational languages is commonly referred as the object-relational model. â€Å"A Persistence Layer connecting objects in an object-oriented system to data stored in a relational database†. (Object-Relational, 2012). The term, object - relational is not limited to the study of OOP features that can be mapped to SQL rather this section will focus the object - relational model as whole. b) Mapping Objects and Tables Objects are the core constructs of object oriented modeling, therefore, object-relational modeling for Oracle DBMS will require the definition of objects and methods to handle them. The objects will then be converted object tables (relations). So, this provides the basis on which we can formulate our object-relational for Oracle DBMS. However, it must be noted that this model does not necessarily require each object translated into a correspo nding object table in SQL because, there can be alternatives to this approach. For an example, a solution may be designed on the object - relational model which may use SQL views (instead of tables) to simulate objects. Therefore, two possible strategies to accomplish the object-relational modeling includes the creation of object tables directly from the objects defined in OOP model, alternatively the object-relational model can also be built upon an existing relational database by defining SQL *Plus Views in terms of objects. c) Mapping Objects Types and Data Types Secondly the object types of an object oriented model can be utilized to define the user

Nonmetric Analysis of Jawbones for Sex Determination

Nonmetric Analysis of Jawbones for Sex Determination ABSTRACT AIMS OBJECTIVES Mandible is the strongest, largest, hardest most durable bone of the skull which retains its shape better than other bones in forensic study and exhibiting high degree of sexual dimorphism. To study the nonmetric characteristics of mandible such as the variations of shape of chin, lower border of mandible and shape of coronoid process and to distinguish between males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material for this study comprised of 90 dry adult human mandibles of known sex which was obtained from Department of Anatomy. The characteristic feature that allowed the sexes to be distinguished was the contour of the lower border of mandible, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process bilaterally. RESULTS: Rocker-shaped mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Square (43.6%), whereas the chin in females was Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) with p value CONCLUSION: The nonmetric analysis of mandible used in this study could be used for sex determination. Key words: Forensic anthropological, Mandible, Non metric characteristics sex determination. Introduction In forensic investigation identifying the human remains is thought to be a first step is crucial for futher analysis.1 The sex determination in human skeleton is usually the initial step in the identification process as subsequent methods for age and stature estimation are sex dependent. The accuracy of sex determination depends on the completeness of the remains and the degree of sexual dimorphism inherent in the population.2 When the complete adult skeleton is available for analysis sex can be determined up to hundred percent (100%) accuracy, but in cases of fragmented bones which are usually found in mass disasters, obtaining cent percent (100%) accuracy in sex determination is difficult and it largely depends on the available fragmented bones of skeleton.1, 2 As evident from the earlier studies, the most dimorphic and easily distinguish portion of skeleton among sexes after pelvis is skull, providing accuracy up to 92%.1 But in cases where intact skull is not found, in sex determination mandible may play a vital role, as it is the most durable, largest, strongest , and dimorphic bone of skull.1-4 Mandible is very durable part of skull bone due to the presence of a dense layer of compact bone, and hence remains well preserved than many other bones. The shape and size of mandible reflects the dimorphism characteristics.1 Female bones are generally smaller and less robust than male bones.2 This characteristic feature of mandible helps in sex and age determination in medico legal cases. In anthropological excavations, the morphometric features of the mandible aid to determine the sex, age, food habits and race of the population and also helps to understand the cave dweller / human evolution.5 The relative development such as size, strength, and angulation of the muscles of mastication is known to influence the expression of mandibular dimorphism as masticatory forces exerted are different for males and females.6 The shape of the mandible can vary according to the different lifestyles and chewing habits .7Therefore, the morphological characteristics of the mandible vary among different ethnic groups. There are several causes of differences in the shape of the mandible between the sexes8. The shape and size of the mandible appear to differ between the sexes from the development of the deciduous tooth. Also, the size of the masticatory muscles and mandible appear to differ between males and females before birth9. The size of the ramus differs between males and females according to the stage of mandibular development and muscle growth.10,11 Furthermore, the mandible have different rate of growth in males and females.12,13 Because puberty occurs earlier in females than in males, sexual differences may manifest themselves in the skull and jaws of females earlier than in the later and longer maturing males.14 For the determination of the of males and females mandible many attempts have been made wi th help of metric standards.15-17 However, metric methods have their disadvantages by their requirement of a complete mandible. Using nonmetric methods, Bass18 found that the shape of the chin could be used to distinguish between males and females. In addition, Loth and Henneberg 19 in his reported cases showed that there is a large difference in the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exure of the ramal posterior border during male and female Africans that can be used to differentiate the sexes with 99% reliability. In addition, it was reported that there are discrete differences in the gonial à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡aring of the mandible between the sexes20. In this study we investigated the criteria that can be used to differentiate between males and females by using the non-metric characteristics of mandible such as variation of contour of lower border of mandible, shape of the chin and variation in shape of coronoid process in mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHOD The present study was undertaken on 90 dry adult, complete, undamaged human mandibles of known sex from the collection of Anatomy department. Out of 90 mandibles 53 were of males and 37 of females and were examined for the variations shape of lower border, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process of both the left and right side of the mandible. The shape of the chin was classified according to the thickness of the mandible in front of and beneath the chin, the proà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ le of the chin according to amount of protrusion of the chin observed from the side, the contour of the lower border of the mandible was classified according to the depth of the antegonial notch, variations in the shape of the coronoid process in right and left sides of adult bones of both sexes were noted and tabulated. The nonmetric items observed in this study is as follows: 1. The contour of the lower border of the mandible (fig 1) Straight/rocker/undulating 2. The shape of the chin (fig 1) Bilobate/square/pointed 3 Coronoid process of mandible (fig 1) Hooked, rounded and triangular INCULSION CRITERIA: well-formed mandible EXCULSION CRITERIA: Fractured, deformed, bony growths of Coronoid process [osteochondroma] were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test p value of 0.05 was obtained which showed that this study was statistically significant. RESULTS: Rocker-shaped mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Square (43.6%), and Pointed (10.9%), whereas the chin in females was either Square (8.6%) or Bilobated (20.0%) Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) with p value Discussion Differentiating features of males from females and the differences in ethnic groups by analyzing the morphological characteristics of bone is important in the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld of physical and forensic anthropology. Sound bone is difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to obtain because the quality of bone deteriorates over time due to factors such as environment-induced erosion. In sex determination examination of the pelvic bone is the most accurate means, but this bone is rarely found intact. Skull is most easily distinguishing portion of the skeleton as a part of the skull mandible shares its own characteristics. The mandible is the strongest and largest bone in the human body and persists in a well-preserved state longer than any other bone. Hence mandibular characteristics are significantly useful for determining sex and race. The shape of the chin and the lower border of the mandible had a different shape between males and females in the present study. The shape of the chin is used widely to distinguish between the sexes, because the male chin is usually bilobate /square whereas the female chin is more pointed. Similar observations were made in the present study; specifically, 90.7% of males had either a bilobate or square chin, whereas 72.2% of females had a pointed chin. However, while the shape of the chin is more distinctive in males than in females, sex determination based only on the shape of the chin is not sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently reliable. The characteristic that was the most distinguishable between the sexes in this study was the shape of the lower border of the mandible. The lower borders of mandibles from males tended to be rocker shaped (58.9%), whereas lower borders of mandibles from females tended to be straight (41.1%) (Table1). Therefore, the shape of the lower border of the mandible may be used as a reliable index for sex determination. However, we believe that using only this characteristic is not sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently reliable for sex determination; instead, evaluating both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible improve the precision of sex determination. When these two items were combined, 90.7% of males exhibited the characteristics of male mandibles (a bilobate or square chin and a rocker-shaped lower border of the mandible), whereas 77.2% of females exhibited the characteristics of female mandibles (a pointed chin and a straight lower border of the mandible, (Table3). Fe w males (9.3%) had a pointed chin and a straight lower border, which are characteristics of females, while 27.7% of the females exhibited mandibular characteristics that were characteristic of males (Table 3). Therefore, the probability of assigning the incorrect sex to a mandible when examining both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible is very low. Moreover, the shape of the chin is the most distinctive characteristic in males (90.7%), whereas the lower border of the mandible is the most distinctive characteristic in females (77.2%). Therefore, we can determine the sex using the following two-step approach. During the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst step in determining sex based on the characteristics of the mandible, if the lower border of the mandible is rocker shaped, it is likely to be the mandible of a male, but if the lower border is straight, it is likely to be the mandible of a female; during the second step, if the chin of the mandible that has a straigh t lower border is bilobate/square, it is likely to be the mandible of a male whereas pointed and straight is likely to be of female. Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%),Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) where Triangular and hook shape had slight male predilection and triangular and rounded had slight more of female predilection(Table 4).Issac B21reported in a study of 157 mandibles incidence of hook shaped was 27.4%, triangular 49% and rounded type 23.6%.He found the incidence of the rounded type almost equal in male and female mandibles, triangular type slightly more in the females, while hook type more in the male mandibles. Comparing with Issac B the incidence of hook type was closely similar to the present study, but triangular and rounded shape incidence observed was more in males and so the findings did not coincide with the author. CONCULSION The differences between the sexes and among ethnic groups the morphological characteristics of the mandible are determined by the environment and different growth patterns. Therefore, males and females can be distinguished based on the shapes of various parts of the mandible. We found that the simultaneous use of the shape of the lower border of the mandible and the shape of the chin is the best method of predicting sex with a rate of accuracy that is higher than 90% and the morphological variation of shapes of coronoid .Triangular shape of coronoid process is the most common presentation .Incidence of Triangular, Rounded and Hook shape were found more in the in male bones compared to female bones. The above findings could be of substantial significance for the anatomist, anthropologist and forensic researchers.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers

Buddhism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reading this account on Buddhism, the goal is, for you (the reader) to understand a fascinating belief system, that has been around since before Christ ever set foot on this earth. This will provide a connection to the minds and hearts of the people who live and die in this sacred world, so that an understanding may be arroused and ultimatly give an acceptance as well as a clear path to minister to these people. The most important aspect of reaching out to people of other cults or religions could possibly be an understanding and common ground with your neighbor. Therefore, knowing Buddhism and learning about it will help give you a stepping stone in you mission on spreading the gospel of Christianity, plus expose you to some of the profoundly interesting culture of Asia. (Yamamoto 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History We have all seen and heard about Buddha and the yin and yang, do to the exploitation of an ancient religion, however aside from this popular fad is a complex and ancient religion deriving from a place called Kapilavastu located in southern Nepal. It began with a man named Siddhartha Gautama, who in fact was the son of a chieftain of the Sakya Clan. Basically he was a prince, enjoying all the luxuries accompanying it. He was born in at about 560 BC, it is debatable as to the exact history of his life, because of the many different forms of Buddhism, however there are substantial bits and peace’s that are agreed on among the different Buddhists. (Mead 23) He grew up in a sheltered type of life, in that his father refused to let him see any human misery, so he was secluded from the outside world he was never meant know. However, one day at the age of twenty-nine he came to the conclusion of how empty his life had become. As an effect of this, he decided to renounce all his worldly possessions and break all attachments he had in order to set out on a journey. A journey in search of peace and enlightenment. He then, on one fateful day set out on his voyage, eluding the royal attendants his father had contained him with. When reaching the outside, he experienced the effects of human suffering, by veiwing an old man, a leper, a corpse, and an ascetic. With this newfound truth he had discovered he realized that worldly happieness was merely and illusion. After his departing from captivity he decided to give... ...one’s interest and give them hope. Speaking of hope, it is a very powerful tool in evangelizing, especially when people need hope and something to believe in. With Buddhism people cannot interest there lives in a secure figure like God, they are left to toil in the mysteries of ignorance and searching for truth, why search for truth if all you are called is ignorant, there is no hope in that. Heaven is especially influential because heaven is beautiful and full of life. In comparison to the Buddhist Nirvana of nothingness and complete voidness, people will understand that there is no hope in nothingness. Shouldn’t we be searching for something if we are looking for truth? Not just a final answer of nothingness, it poses no real reward or incentive to love or obey. As with all religions they will fight back it is not unheard of. A spiritual warfare battle is eminent because we need to let them get out their side, which is good and fair. (Yamamoto 30-40) The only thin g you need to know is how to respond and know all the basis of what they believe so that you can refute it. There are millions of unsaved souls in the world; helping just one is a task we should all take on if not more.

Contextual Factors in Pride and Prejudice influence the characters. Do you agree?

There are many contextual factors in Pride and Prejudice that certainly influence the characters, in the way the characters behave and also in the way that they are viewed. A few of the main factors are money, marriage and the role of women and these can be seen as a few of the novel's themes. However, these factors do not always influence all of the characters. I will explore the different contextual factors in the novel and come to the conclusion as to whether I agree with the statement. Money is a highly influential factor in Pride and Prejudice, so much so, that the narrator is very careful to give financial details of every character to ensure that the reader has an idea of the social standings of all the characters and their placement in society. As the Bennet family and the Lucas family have less money, this means they are of a lower class than most of the other families in the book, for example the Darcys and the Bingleys. This means that the daughters in these families are less likely to be offered a proposal of marriage, as the classes tend not to mix and the possible crossing of social boundaries seems insurmountable. This can be shown in chapter 8, where Miss Bingley mock Elizabeth's behaviour and her family. Miss Bingley begins by stating, â€Å"I have an excessive regard for Jane Bennet, she is really a very sweet girl,† to give the impression of being caring and thoughtful and continues to say, â€Å"I wish with all my heart she were well settled. But with such a father and mother and such low connections, I am afraid there is no chance of it. † In this quote, Miss Bingley conveys fact as an opinion which she uses to try and manipulate her brother's views. By stating this, Miss Bingley shows that she feels Jane should not be allowed to wed Mr Bingley, as this would be crossing the social boundaries. This chapter also shows how Mr Bingley is not affected by money and the fact that Elizabeth has low connections, as this does not affect the way he perceives her. By stating that â€Å"it would not matter if they had uncles enough to fill all Cheapside, it would not make one of them one jot less agreeable,† it illustrates how Bingley is not swayed by other characters' status or appearance. Money can also influence the appearance of characters on the surface, as when Mr Darcy is introduced in chapter 3, he is described as being very favourable, based only on his social standing and his financial status. The fact that Darcy earned ‘ten thousand a year' meant that people looked at him â€Å"with great admiration for half the evening†. It is only when people explored his character that they found him to be â€Å"proud and above his company†, which allows the reader to see how money influences their perception of characters. Elizabeth could be described as one of the only characters with morals whose life is not completely influenced by money, but her conversation with Jane in chapter 59 that her character can in fact be affected by wealth. Her comments to Jane that her love for Darcy began â€Å"from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberley† and although Elizabeth is joking about this, the audience realises that there is an element of truthfulness in what she has said. She feels â€Å"some perturbation† on approaching Pemberley: â€Å"her spirits were in a high flutter†. When she sees the estate, â€Å"at that moment she felt that to be mistress of Pemberley might be something! † Elizabeth speaks of a present and a future, not of something past and concluded, which demonstrates how she could be persuaded by Darcy's estate to marry him. This shows how Darcy's wealth is of great interest to Elizabeth, when she is confronted by its reality, that she can escape her life of being poor and having little money. The reader can also see that the idea of money influences Charlotte, â€Å"Lady Lucas began to directly calculate with more interest than the matter had ever excited before how many years longer Mr Bennet was likely to live†. This shows Charlotte treats money higher in her opinion than the feelings of her friend when her father dies. Charlotte, thinking up â€Å"kind schemes† for Elizabeth feels that Colonel Fitzwilliam was â€Å"beyond comparison the pleasantest man; he certainly admired her and his situation in life was most eligible; but, to counterbalance these advantages, Mr Darcy had considerable patronage in the church and his cousin could have none at all†. This reveals the final twist in which Charlotte's thoughts move from the outcome that might suit her friend best, to that which would serve her own purposes through the advancement and enrichment of Mr Collins, which would undoubtedly earn her more money. Property is shown to be a contextual factor that influences the characters as the females of the Bennet family are in real financial difficulty, as their house is to be entailed upon Mr Collins when Mr Bennet dies. This puts the Bennet daughters into a difficult position as there is added pressure to marry well so they can be financially secure. This pressure is increased as Mrs Bennet wanted one of her daughters to marry Mr Collins so that the Bennet family would not lose the estate which has been in their family for many generations. Property can also be seen as a beneficial factor that influences the perception of characters because at this time the larger the estate then more money was earned. This can be seen in the description of Mr Darcy in chapter 3, where the people at the ball thought very highly of him when they heard about the size of his estate in Derbyshire, which directly relates to his earnings. A contextual factor that influences all the women characters in the novel is marriage. A perfect example of this is in Charlotte Lucas marrying Mr Collins, as she does not marry for love, she marries him to be financially secure and to have a place in society. This can be seen in the quote by the narrator describing Charlotte, â€Å"who accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment†. This shows that Charlotte married only for an estate and money, so that she could establish herself in society as women were looked down upon if they were not married. As the life expectancy for women in the early 1800's was around the mid to late 30s and Charlotte was 28, she saw that marriage was the only honourable provision for a woman in her position and wealth. Although Elizabeth and Charlotte were close friends, they had very different views. Elizabeth felt that â€Å"it was a long time before she became at all reconciled to the idea of an unsuitable match. She had always felt that Charlotte's opinion of matrimony was not exactly like her own†. Charlotte was prepared to marry for money and financial security and she thought that â€Å"happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance†. In the 1800's society influenced the characters of the novel as marriage was essential for women, they were entirely dependant on men to look after them and if women were not married, they were thought to be excluded from society. However, this did not affect Elizabeth as she turned down two respectable proposals of marriage, from Mr Collins and Mr Darcy. The former proposal is deemed to be more acceptable and her family is more understanding of this as Mr Collins is pompous and boastful, and an all round unfavourable character. However, Mrs Bennet was upset when Elizabeth declined his proposal as it is her duty as a mother to marry all her daughters off and help them to set up her lives. Mr Bennet opposed his wife's views and suggested to Elizabeth that, â€Å"Your mother will never speak to you again if you do not marry Mr Collins, and I will never speak to you again if you do†. This led to Mr Collins withdrawing his offer and marrying Charlotte. The latter proposal was certainly very easy for Elizabeth to refuse as she explained to him that after knowing him for a month, â€Å"I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. Although, we can see that wealth does affect Elizabeth's judgement as after the proposal is made, she feels some guilt for not accepting the proposal as it would mean a better life for her and it would please her mother and her family. Even though Darcy admits how he admires and loves Elizabeth, he is still influenced by the fact that she is of a lower class and â€Å"his sense of her inferiority – of its being degradation† and before his proposal he would have convinced himself that this could not happen and admits he has repressed his feelings. However, in spite of this, Darcy is still prepared to marry Elizabeth and cross the social boundaries, which shows that money and Elizabeth's â€Å"low connections† do not influence him fully. The pressure of marriage affects many of the characters, but it does not affect Jane or Mr Bingley, as they overcome the separation of the classes and are married because they are truly in love with one another. Jane and Bingley represent the coming together of two handsome, like-minded and kind-hearted people. Their eventual marriage is delightful and a relief to the reader as their have been many obstacles in their way of marriage. The main reason of their separation was caused by the persuasion of Darcy because he thinks that Jane is not in love with his friend Bingley. The reader knows that part of the reason why he persuades Bingley is because he does not feel Jane is worthy enough for his friend. This is ironic as he then proposes to Elizabeth who detests him. In chapter 8 there is a discussion of the accomplishments of young ladies. Bingley has a lot of admiration for women's ability to â€Å"paint tables, cover screens and net purses†, but Darcy wants more than this and even more than the list Caroline Bingley provides of â€Å"music, singing drawing, dancing and modern languages,† plus â€Å"something in her air and manner of walking†. If men expect all those accomplishments for the women to have, then the Bennet daughters and many other women in their position will have little hope of marrying well. However, as seen in chapter 29 when Lady Catherine quizzes Elizabeth with many questions about her family and finds that none of them can draw she is very surprised, â€Å"What, none of you? † and also that only one of her sisters can play the piano and sing. This demonstrates that women do not always need a long list of accomplishments in order to be married, for Mr Darcy was not concerned about her lack of abilities, but only cared about her â€Å"liveliness of mind† and the spirited freedom of her thinking about her world, even in spite of the pressures cause by its snobbery and narrowness of society. In conclusion, the contextual factors do influence many of the characters in the novel, but some of these characters are able to overcome the pressures of society and cross the social boundaries. By using Elizabeth as a main character, Austen is able to highlight these factors as she is not influenced by them and causes others around her to rebel against the norm. The main character highlights what is expected of women and the ‘norms and values' in society during the nineteenth century by behaving in an unacceptable way. The fact that in chapter eight, when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield to visit her sister, and her appearance is deemed improper by the Bingley sisters, â€Å"her petticoat, six inches deep in mud†, is one of the main reasons why Darcy falls in love with Elizabeth, shows that some men prefer women with an independence of mind and a free spirit. This is not in agreement with society, where it is believed women should depend on men and all act very similar with no specific purpose as they are just possessions of men.

Simple French Verb Conjugations of Tondre (to Mow)

Simple French Verb Conjugations of Tondre (to Mow) Though  tondre  is the French verb thats often used for to mow, it can also be used for to shear or to fleece. While that may be pretty easy to remember, you will also need to know the conjugations of  tondre. This lesson will help you out and teach you to say things such as he is mowing or we sheered. The Basic Conjugations of  Tondre Tondre is a regular -re verb. While it is not the French languages most common conjugation pattern, there are other useful verbs in this category. Consider studying tondre along with words like entendre (to understand) or vendre (to sell) to make each a little easier to remember. Once you study a few regular verbs that end in -re, you will notice the pattern. For instance, in the  je  present tense, an  s  is added to the verb stem (tond-) to produce  je tonds  (I am mowing). Likewise, in the  nous  imperfect past tense, -ions  is the ending and it produces  nous tondions  (we mowed). Use the chart to study these basic indicative mood forms by matching the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your sentence. Present Future Imperfect je tonds tondrai tondais tu tonds tondras tondais il tond tondra tondait nous tondons tondrons tondions vous tondez tondrez tondiez ils tondent tondront tondaient The Present Participle of  Tondre As with all regular -re and -er verbs, forming the present participle of tondre is as simple as adding -ant to the stem. This gives you the word tondant. Tondre  in the Compound Past Tense The French compound past tense is known as the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and it has two elements. The first is the present tense conjugate of the auxiliary verb  avoir  and the second is the  past participle  tondu. Putting the two together gives us phrases like  jai tondu  (I mowed) and  nous avons tondu  (we mowed). More Simple Conjugations of  Tondre You might also want to have questions about the act of mowing and that means you can use  tondre  in  the subjunctive. If, however, it is in some way dependent on something else (no rain, perhaps), then you can use  the conditional. Its most likely that you will only encounter  the passà © simple  and  imperfect subjunctive  in written French. Theyre both literary tenses and often reserved for formal literature rather than conversations. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je tonde tondrais tondis tondisse tu tondes tondrais tondis tondisses il tonde tondrait tondit tondt nous tondions tondrions tondmes tondissions vous tondiez tondriez tondtes tondissiez ils tondent tondraient tondirent tondissent Should you need to be forceful in telling someone to mow, use tondre in the  imperative. When doing so, skip the subject pronoun and simply tell them to Tonds ! Imperative (tu) tonds (nous) tondons (vous) tondez

EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS Essays - Health Economics

EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS Essays - Health Economics EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS I received an 78% in a third year Public Finance Course for this paper. Criticisms were that I did not detail why private enterprise does not work. Also that a couple of paragraphs were too long. I am a third year Bachelor of Science student majoring in Economics. EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Compensating the affairs of economic efficiency with the demands of sociopolitical rights is a constant source of tension in Canada and the United States alike. In no other element is this tension more apparent than in the group of complex markets we call the health care system. Canadians have been fortunate enough to receive a universal health care system for nearly forty years. This is a single-payer system funded by the governments, both provincial and federal, but at what costs? Is health care not unlike any other commodity, or is it the privilege of every citizen? Health care has elements of common economic behavior, however, there are also certain social values associated with it. It is this struggle of defining what health care is that causes such anxiety among economists. The Canadian health care system is slowly crippling the economy, and reforms must be devised to preserve the pride of Canada; our health care system itself. The pluralistic health care scheme of the United States, as well, has serious socioeconomic implications, and American policy makers are looking toward the model of the Canadian system for answers. Both the United States and Canada must reform health care policy, but to what extent? Obviously these questions cannot necessarily yield clear, concise answers, however they will provide insight into analyzing the current and proposed systems of health care. Certainly if Canada is to maintain a high standard of care it must adopt an economically efficient, revenue generating system. Moreover the United States must adopt the single-payer system of Canada while still retaining a strong revenue base. This paper will discuss the strengths and shortcomings of the Canadian health care system, and how health care is a sociopolitical enigma. Furthermore, how the single-payer system is the only realistic response to the growing inadequacies within the American socioeconomic status. CANADIAN HEALTH CARE STRUCTURE Serving as a general background in its appraisal, it is necessary to outline the history and the ambient factors of the Canada health care that is so sought after by the United States. The Canadian health-insurance program, called Medicare, is administered by provincial governments and regulated and partly financed by the national government. Medicare pays basic medical and hospital bills for all Canadians, where the governments determine the criterion of basic care, to insure and maintain a standard level of service. As early as 1919, Canadas Liberal party promised national health insurance, but the first real step was taken in Saskatchewan, where in 1947 province wide hospital insurance was introduced. A national hospital-insurance act followed in 1958, and by 1960, 99% of Canadians were covered by government run hospital insurance. Saskatchewan was again the first in 1961 to introduce medical-care insurance which covered doctors services as well. However, this was not an easy tra nsformation. In 1962 when the medical insurance act was implemented, the doctors of Saskatchewan went on strike. As a part of the settlement the government agreed to a modified plan that addressed some of the doctors grievances. Despite the opposition from provinces, doctors and insurance companies, national Medicare legislation was in place by 1967, and today health care is a constitutional right. The arrangement reached by all provinces by 1972 was that the federal government paid half the cost of the provincial plans, provided the plans met five principles: accessibility, universality of coverage, portability from province to province, comprehensiveness of service, and government administration. Under the system the health care provider bills the provincial plan directly. The Canadian Health Act, effective in 1984, clarified the national standards and may penalize provinces that allow doctors to bill for more than the Medicare rate. The Canadian provinces spend a third of their budgets on health and hospitals. High-tech medicine and an aging population have caused Canadas medical costs to rise significantly over the past decade. Increasingly, governments attempt to control costs by promoting personal fitness, cutting back the number